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SUBJECT: The Rule on ‘Duress’ and ‘Illegality’ as Defenses I. Introduction This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the rules governing the defenses of duress and […]

SUBJECT: The Concept of ‘Fraud in Factum’ vs ‘Fraud in Inducement’ I. Introduction This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the distinction between fraud in factum […]

SUBJECT: The Difference between ‘Real Defenses’ and ‘Personal Defenses’ I. Introduction This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the distinction between real defenses and personal defenses […]

SUBJECT: The Rule on ‘Incomplete but Delivered’ Instruments I. Introduction This memorandum exhaustively examines the Philippine legal doctrine governing incomplete but delivered instruments under mercantile law. […]

SUBJECT: The Concept of ‘Fictitious Payee Rule’ I. Introduction This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the fictitious payee rule as applied within the Philippine legal […]

SUBJECT: The Rule on ‘Liability of Drawee Bank’ for Forged Signatures I. Introduction This memorandum exhaustively examines the Philippine rule governing the liability of a drawee […]

SUBJECT: The Concept of ‘Crossed Checks’ and General vs Special Crossing I. Introduction This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the concept of crossed checks under […]

SUBJECT: The Difference between ‘Cashier’s Check’ and ‘Certified Check’ I. Introduction This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the distinction between a cashier’s check and a […]

SUBJECT: The Rule on ‘Stale Checks’ and Legal Effects I. Introduction This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the rule on stale checks under Philippine mercantile […]