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SUBJECT: The Concept of ‘Managerial’ vs ‘Rank-and-File’ Employees I. Introduction This memorandum exhaustively examines the legal distinction between managerial employees and rank-and-file employees in Philippine labor […]

SUBJECT: The Rule on ‘Preventive Suspension’ Pending Investigation I. Introduction This memorandum exhaustively examines the rule on preventive suspension pending investigation within the Philippine legal system, […]

SUBJECT: The Difference between ‘Discretionary’ and ‘Ministerial’ Duties I. Introduction This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the distinction between discretionary duties and ministerial duties in […]

SUBJECT: The Concept of ‘Next-in-Rank’ Rule in Promotions I. Introduction This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the concept of the next-in-rank rule within the Philippine […]

SUBJECT: The Rule on ‘Hold-Over’ Capacity of Public Officers I. Introduction This memorandum exhaustively examines the doctrine of hold-over in Philippine political law. The rule addresses […]

SUBJECT: The Doctrine of ‘Condonation’ (Aguinaldo Doctrine – Abandoned) I. Introduction This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the doctrine of condonation, also historically known as […]

SUBJECT: The Difference between ‘De Jure’ and ‘De Facto’ Officers’ I. Introduction This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the distinction between de jure and de […]