March 20, 2026

SUBJECT: The Rule on Complex Crimes (Compound and Composite) I. Introduction and Conceptual Foundation The concept of complex crimes in Philippine criminal law serves as a […]

SUBJECT: The Difference between Consummated, Frustrated, and Attempted Felonies I. Introduction and Statement of the Issue This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of the distinctions between […]

SUBJECT: The Concept of ‘Conspiracy’ and ‘Proposal to Commit Felony’ I. Introduction and Statement of Issues This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of two distinct but […]

SUBJECT: The Concept of ‘Principal’, ‘Accomplice’, and ‘Accessory’ I. Introduction and Doctrinal Foundations of Criminal Participation The Philippine law on criminal participation, primarily codified in Articles […]

SUBJECT: The Rule on Mitigating and Aggravating Circumstances I. Introduction Mitigating and aggravating circumstances are factual conditions which alter the degree of moral and legal culpability […]

SUBJECT: The Difference between Justifying and Exempting Circumstances I. Introduction This memorandum delineates the critical distinction between justifying and exempting circumstances under Philippine criminal law. Both […]

SUBJECT: The Concept of ‘Aberratio Ictus’, ‘Error in Personae’, and ‘Praeter Intentionem’ I. INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF ISSUES This memorandum provides an exhaustive analysis of three […]

SUBJECT: The Concept of ‘Aberratio Ictus’, ‘Error in Personae’, and ‘Praeter Intentionem’ I. Introduction This memorandum examines three distinct mitigating circumstances under Philippine criminal law concerning […]

SUBJECT: The Concept of ‘Mala in Se’ vs ‘Mala Prohibita’ I. INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF ISSUES This memorandum exhaustively examines the distinction between crimes classified as […]